Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Revealed the Potential Inhibitory Activity of ACEIs

Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Revealed the Potential Inhibitory Activity of ACEIs Against SARS-CoV-2 Targeting the h ACE2 Receptor

The rapid and global spread of a new human coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has produced an immediate urgency to discover promising targets for the treatment of COVID-19.

Here, we consider drug repurposing as an attractive approach that can facilitate the drug discovery process by repurposing existing pharmaceuticals to treat illnesses other than their primary indications. We review current information concerning the global health issue of COVID-19 including promising approved drugs, e.g., human angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (hACEIs).

• Besides, we describe computational approaches to be used in drug repurposing and highlight examples of in-silico studies of drug development efforts against SARS-CoV-2. Alacepril and lisinopril were found to interact with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), the host entranceway for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, through exhibiting the most acceptable rmsd_refine values and the best binding affinity through forming a strong hydrogen bond with Asn90, which is assumed to be essential for the activity, as well as significant extra interactions with other receptor-binding residues.
• Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by calculation of the binding free energy were also carried out for the most promising two ligand-pocket complexes from docking studies (alacepril and lisinopril) to clarify some information on their thermodynamic and dynamic properties and confirm the docking results as well.

These results we obtained probably provided an excellent lead candidate for the development of therapeutic drugs against COVID-19. Eventually, animal experiments and accurate clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential preventive and treatment effect of these compounds.

Revision and phylogeny of the genus Loxoneptera Hampson, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Pyraustinae), based on morphology and molecular data

The genus Loxoneptera Hampson, 1896 is revised based on external appearance and genitalia. It is comprised of eleven species, of which three are described as new species from China: L. crassiuncata Chen & Zhang, sp. nov., L. triangularis Chen & Zhang, sp. nov., and L. rectacerosa Chen & Zhang, sp. nov.; six species are proposed as new combinations: L. carnealis (Swinhoe, 1895), comb. nov., L. medialis (Caradja, 1925), comb. nov., L. pentasaris (Meyrick, 1932), comb. nov., L. bipunctalis (Hampson, 1912), comb. nov., L. brevipalpis (Snellen, 1890), comb. nov., and L. dichroma (Moore, 1888), comb. nov. A new replacement name, L. hampsoni Chen & Zhang, nom. nov., is proposed for L. carnealis Hampson, 1896, the type species of the genus, because it is a secondary homonym of L. carnealis (Swinhoe, 1895), comb. nov. External characters and genitalia morphology of all species are figured. Nucleotide sequences of COI, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and EF-1α were used for the molecular analysis and phylogeny of Loxoneptera species.

Ultra-high Magnification Endocytoscopy and Molecular Markers for Defining Endoscopic and Histologic Remission in Ulcerative Colitis-An Exploratory Study to Define Deep Remission

Background: Endoscopic and histological remission are both important treatment goals in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to define cellular architecture, expression of molecular markers, and their correlation with endoscopic scores assessed by ultra-high magnification endocytoscopy (ECS) and histological scores.

Methods: Patients with UC (n = 29) were prospectively recruited. The correlation among ECS score (ECSS), Mayo endoscopic score (MES), and histological scores were determined. Area under curve were plotted to determine the best thresholds for ECSS that predicted histological remission by Robarts (RHI) and Nancy Histological Index (NHI).

 

Soluble analytes relevant to inflammation were measured in serum and mucosal culture supernatants using ProcartaPlex Luminex assays and studied by partial least square discriminant analysis and logistic model. Mucosal RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to define differentially expressed genes/pathways.

Results: Endocytoscope scoring system correlated strongly with RHI (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.51-0.98) and NHI (r = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.42-0.98) but correlated poorly with MES (r = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.27-0.70). We identified soluble brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1 α), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) predicted histological remission.

Mucosal biopsy cultures also identified sVCAM-1 associated with healed mucosa. RNA-seq analysis identified gene expressions shared between ECSS, RHI, or NHI defined healing. A number of gene expressions and pathways were identified including inflammation and metabolic and tumor suppressors that discriminated healed from nonhealed mucosa.

Conclusions: Endocytoscopy represents an interesting tool that may sit between endoscopy and histology-but closer to the latter-identifying gene expression markers and pathways that are also identified by histology.

Keywords: RNA-sequencing; endocytoscope; histological healing; mucosal healing; noninvasive markers.

 

Monoclonal PHB Antibody, Clone: 1215CT487.109.106
APR09107G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PHB. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1215CT487.109.106. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal SP1 Antibody, Clone: 1326CT463.109.176
APR10209G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SP1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1326CT463.109.176. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IF, E

Monoclonal SRC Antibody, Clone: 1602CT774.225.92
AMM02550G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SRC. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1602CT774.225.92. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CD74 Antibody, Clone: 1267CT820.116.140.154
AMM02483G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD74. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1267CT820.116.140.154. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, E

Monoclonal USP5 Antibody, Clone: 1340CT704.170.140
AMM02502G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human USP5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1340CT704.170.140. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAC1 Antibody, Clone: 1301CT276.121.104
AMM02510G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAC1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1301CT276.121.104. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IHC-P, E

Monoclonal WNT4 Antibody, Clone: 1698CT540.169.185
AMM02561G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human WNT4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1698CT540.169.185. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal FLNA Antibody, Clone: 1273CT424.104.153
APR14335G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FLNA. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1273CT424.104.153. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal ATG5 Antibody, Clone: 1358CT289.125.123
APG02061G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ATG5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1358CT289.125.123. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CDK5 Antibody, Clone: 1321CT281.130.129
APG02513G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1321CT281.130.129. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CDK5 Antibody, Clone: 1321CT281.130.129
APG02514G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1321CT281.130.129. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CDK4 Antibody, Clone: 1529CT850.162.73
AMM02527G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1529CT850.162.73. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal VAV1 Antibody, Clone: 1582CT802.383.58
AMM02536G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human VAV1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1582CT802.383.58. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal MITF Antibody, Clone: 1607CT834.207.47
AMM02540G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MITF. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1607CT834.207.47. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal SUFU Antibody, Clone: 1783CT536.263.29
AMM02579G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SUFU. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1783CT536.263.29. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal Musk Antibody, Clone: 1429CT456.173.44
APR17485G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human Musk. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1429CT456.173.44. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal AKT2 Antibody, Clone: 1623CT791.157.67.66
APG01699G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AKT2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1623CT791.157.67.66. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CDK5 Antibody, Clone: 1552CT262.105.8
APG02512G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1552CT262.105.8. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal GLS2 Antibody, Clone: 1758CT879.217.60
AMM04798G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human GLS2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1758CT879.217.60. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CD138 Antibody, Clone: 531CT15.4.1;531CT15.1.4
APG02477G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD138. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 531CT15.4.1;531CT15.1.4. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CREB1 Antibody, Clone: 1335CT115.203.189
AMM02443G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CREB1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1335CT115.203.189. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal NFKB1 Antibody, Clone: 1298CT792.105.117.133
AMM02481G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human NFKB1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1298CT792.105.117.133. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IHC-P, E

Monoclonal USP25 Antibody, Clone: 1277CT376.106.171
AMM02482G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human USP25. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1277CT376.106.171. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal AURKA Antibody, Clone: 1364CT291.108.155
AMM02504G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AURKA . The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1364CT291.108.155. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal APEX1 Antibody, Clone: 1518CT337.123.86.269.232
AMM02531G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human APEX1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1518CT337.123.86.269.232. This antibody is applicable in IF, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal PPARA Antibody, Clone: 1331CT894.186.143
AMR09449G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PPARA. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1331CT894.186.143. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IF, IHC-P, E

Monoclonal Stat3 antibody, Clone: 1200CT146.104.153
APR11193G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human Stat3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1200CT146.104.153. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal STAT3 Antibody, Clone: 1200CT146.104.153
APR11194G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human STAT3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1200CT146.104.153. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal EPHA6 Antibody, Clone: 1426CT591.205.91.119
APR11872G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human EPHA6. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1426CT591.205.91.119. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal YWHAZ Antibody, Clone: 1314CT423.108.153.173.140
APR14004G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human YWHAZ. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1314CT423.108.153.173.140. This antibody is applicable in WB and IF, E

Monoclonal CRYAB Antibody, Clone: 1329CT523.140.120
APG02805G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CRYAB. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1329CT523.140.120. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal FER Antibody, Clone: 1457CT181.12.17
AMM02516G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FER. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1457CT181.12.17. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal FZR Antibody, Clone: 1621CT637.76.67
AMM02543G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FZR. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1621CT637.76.67. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal P53 Antibody, Clone: 1711CT184.18.1
AMM02567G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human P53. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1711CT184.18.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CBL Antibody, Clone: 1762CT401.80.60
AMM02574G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CBL. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1762CT401.80.60. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal MYC Antibody, Clone: 1788CT320.61.28
AMM02578G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MYC. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1788CT320.61.28. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RYK Antibody, Clone: 1671CT575.42.61
AMM07703G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RYK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1671CT575.42.61. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal VCP Antibody, Clone: 1563CT163.48.77
APR10677G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human VCP. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1563CT163.48.77. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, IF, FC, E

Monoclonal HCK Antibody, Clone: 1508CT602.13.1
APR16661G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human HCK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1508CT602.13.1. This antibody is applicable in IF, WB, E

Monoclonal LCK Antibody, Clone: 1526CT823.75.16
APR17161G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human LCK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1526CT823.75.16. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal MKRN2 Antibody, Clone: 1556CT631.230.55.49
AMM06406G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MKRN2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1556CT631.230.55.49. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RPTOR Antibody, Clone: 1411CT316.2.151.34
AMM02512G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RPTOR. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1411CT316.2.151.34. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal TIMP2 Antibody, Clone: 1554CT494.262.47
AMM02532G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TIMP2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1554CT494.262.47. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal RNF20 Antibody, Clone: 1594CT552.128.36
AMM02538G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RNF20. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1594CT552.128.36. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RRAS2 Antibody, Clone: 1578CT130.349.47.14
AMM02539G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RRAS2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1578CT130.349.47.14. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CADH1 Antibody, Clone: 1579CT577.150.80
AMM02546G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CADH1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1579CT577.150.80. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB20 Antibody, Clone: 1694CT210.142.16
AMM02558G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB20. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1694CT210.142.16. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAB20 Antibody, Clone: 1694CT210.218.54
AMM02559G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB20. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1694CT210.218.54. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB18 Antibody, Clone: 1573CT811.119.39
AMM07448G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB18. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1573CT811.119.39. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal CDKN1B Antibody, Clone: 1373CT407.103.103
AMM02509G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDKN1B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1373CT407.103.103. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal DPYSL5 Antibody, Clone: 1503CT789.209.250.52
APR11785G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DPYSL5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1503CT789.209.250.52. This antibody is applicable in IF, WB, E

Monoclonal SQSTM1 Antibody, Clone: 1336CT763.152.125
APR10230G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SQSTM1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1336CT763.152.125. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal AATK Antibody, Clone: 1459CT852.80.10
AMM05526G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 633.6
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AATK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1459CT852.80.10. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal DDR1 Antibody, Clone: 1464CT339.1.54
AMM02518G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DDR1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1464CT339.1.54. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal CDK2 Antibody, Clone: 1534CT665.36.16
AMM02524G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1534CT665.36.16. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal IRF3 Antibody, Clone: 1522CT766.58.24
AMM02526G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human IRF3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1522CT766.58.24. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal YES1 Antibody, Clone: 1612CT505.7.50
AMM02541G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human YES1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1612CT505.7.50. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal ETS1 Antibody, Clone: 1601CT512.35.61
AMM02542G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ETS1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1601CT512.35.61. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal CDK1 Antibody, Clone: 1644CT107.30.27
AMM02548G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1644CT107.30.27. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal FAT1 Antibody, Clone: 1634CT464.1.9
AMM02549G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FAT1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1634CT464.1.9. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal FAT4 Antibody, Clone: 1654CT645.1.70
AMM02551G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FAT4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1654CT645.1.70. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal TPM3 Antibody, Clone: 1649CT306.29.13
AMM02552G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TPM3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1649CT306.29.13. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal PCNA Antibody, Clone: 1655CT506.10.26
AMM02554G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PCNA. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1655CT506.10.26. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal CYLD Antibody, Clone: 1667CT857.3.6.1
AMM02557G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CYLD. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1667CT857.3.6.1. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RELB Antibody, Clone: 1684CT450.20.25
AMM02563G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RELB. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1684CT450.20.25. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal ECT2 Antibody, Clone: 1691CT516.3.3
AMM02569G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ECT2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1691CT516.3.3. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal TPX2 Antibody, Clone: 1696CT464.66.9
AMM02570G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TPX2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1696CT464.66.9. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal USP2 Antibody, Clone: 1738CT331.50.87
AMM02572G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human USP2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1738CT331.50.87. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal NPPA Antibody, Clone: 1761CT158.12.76
AMM02575G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human NPPA. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1761CT158.12.76. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CD81 Antibody, Clone: 1668CT178.9.24.87
APR11034G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD81. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1668CT178.9.24.87. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CD81 Antibody, Clone: 1668CT146.84.1
APR11035G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD81. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1668CT146.84.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CD81 Antibody, Clone: 1668CT270.93.9
APR11037G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD81. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1668CT270.93.9. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal SODM Antibody, Clone: 1559CT572.3.83
APR10202G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SODM. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1559CT572.3.83. This antibody is applicable in FC, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal LAP2 Antibody, Clone: 1617CT859.9.32
APR17152G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human LAP2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1617CT859.9.32. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal AGXT Antibody, Clone: 1739CT804.82.83.1
APG01616G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AGXT. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1739CT804.82.83.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal ATG3 Antibody, Clone: 1377CT239.6.1.12
APG02037G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ATG3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1377CT239.6.1.12. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E

Monoclonal EEF1E1 Antibody, Clone: 1494CT639.147.31
AMM02522G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human EEF1E1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1494CT639.147.31. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal DAB2IP Antibody, Clone: 1626CT702.263.21
AMM02544G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DAB2IP. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1626CT702.263.21. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAB27A Antibody, Clone: 1590CT813.266.26
AMM07444G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB27A. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1590CT813.266.26. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB27B Antibody, Clone: 1596CT245.254.49
AMM07459G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB27B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1596CT245.254.49. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal PPP2R1B Antibody, Clone: 1496CT356.164.25.226
AMM02520G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PPP2R1B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1496CT356.164.25.226. This antibody is applicable in IF, IHC-P, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal LYN Antibody, Clone: 1174CT22.3.1.1
APR17259G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human LYN. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1174CT22.3.1.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal NLK Antibody, Clone: 1146CT24.2.1
APR17583G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human NLK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1146CT24.2.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CHRM2 Antibody, Clone: 1424CT461.78.60
AMM05766G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CHRM2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1424CT461.78.60. This antibody is applicable in IF, WB, IHC-P, FC, E

Monoclonal CAPN1 Antibody, Clone: 1376CT809.24.85
AMM02505G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CAPN1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1376CT809.24.85. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IHC-P, E

Monoclonal ERBB2 Antibody, Clone: 1423CT594.76.52
AMM02513G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ERBB2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1423CT594.76.52. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal Ntrk3 Antibody, Clone: 1454CT394.87.35
AMM02514G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human Ntrk3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1454CT394.87.35. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CAPN6 Antibody, Clone: 1395CT446.22.5
AMM02517G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CAPN6. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1395CT446.22.5. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal BAP31 Antibody, Clone: 1502CT208.31.16
AMM02519G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human BAP31. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1502CT208.31.16. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal HINT1 Antibody, Clone: 1500CT836.13.93
AMM02521G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human HINT1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1500CT836.13.93. This antibody is applicable in IF, IHC-P, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB3A Antibody, Clone: 1531CT562.14.57
AMM02525G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB3A. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1531CT562.14.57. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal MPIP3 Antibody, Clone: 1535CT627.6.80
AMM02528G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MPIP3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1535CT627.6.80. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB3B Antibody, Clone: 1543CT354.60.92
AMM02529G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB3B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1543CT354.60.92. This antibody is applicable in FC, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal TUSC2 Antibody, Clone: 1550CT388.74.12
AMM02530G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TUSC2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1550CT388.74.12. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal BRCA2 Antibody, Clone: 1643CT739.91.87
AMM02547G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human BRCA2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1643CT739.91.87. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal MP2K1 Antibody, Clone: 1678CT373.38.18
AMM02553G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MP2K1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1678CT373.38.18. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal IFNB1 Antibody, Clone: 1394CT509.46.3
AMM02565G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human IFNB1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1394CT509.46.3. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAB21 Antibody, Clone: 1701CT536.68.39
AMM02566G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB21. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1701CT536.68.39. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal KANK1 Antibody, Clone: 1773CT634.49.61
AMM02576G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human KANK1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1773CT634.49.61. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal CSF1R Antibody, Clone: 1486CT328.53.37
AMM08769G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CSF1R. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1486CT328.53.37. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, FC, WB, E

Monoclonal LAMP1 Antibody, Clone: 1483CT517.45.23
AMM08783G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human LAMP1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1483CT517.45.23. This antibody is applicable in IF, IHC-P, WB, E

Monoclonal PLIN3 Antibody, Clone: 1651CT157.85.94
AMM07250G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PLIN3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1651CT157.85.94. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB13 Antibody, Clone: 1600CT845.37.29
AMM07431G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB13. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1600CT845.37.29. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAB14 Antibody, Clone: 1779CT692.32.86
AMM07435G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB14. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1779CT692.32.86. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAB1B Antibody, Clone: 1673CT667.16.73
AMM07436G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB1B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1673CT667.16.73. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB1B Antibody, Clone: 1673CT571.17.71
AMM07454G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB1B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1673CT571.17.71. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal RAB5C Antibody, Clone: 1616CT314.65.31
AMM07482G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB5C. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1616CT314.65.31. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E

Monoclonal DCLK1 Antibody, Clone: 1751CT665.1.72
APR11705G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DCLK1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1751CT665.1.72. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Monoclonal GPR56 Antibody, Clone: 1443CT377.65.29
APR12229G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human GPR56. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1443CT377.65.29. This antibody is applicable in IF, WB, E

Monoclonal RAB5B Antibody, Clone: 1615CT668.28.45
APR13054G	Leading Biology	0.1ml	EUR 580.8
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB5B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1615CT668.28.45. This antibody is applicable in WB, E

Cellular and Molecular Processes in Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent pulmonary vasoconstriction. Another well-recognized characteristic of PH is the muscularization of peripheral pulmonary arteries.

This pulmonary vasoremodeling manifests in medial hypertrophy/hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with possible neointimal formation. The underlying molecular processes for these two major vascular responses remain not fully understood.

On the other hand, a series of very recent studies have shown that the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) seems to be an important player in mediating pulmonary vasoconstriction and vasoremodeling, thereby leading to PH. Mitochondria are a primary site for ROS production in pulmonary artery (PA) SMCs, which subsequently activate NADPH oxidase to induce further ROS generation, i.e., ROS-induced ROS generation.

ROS control the activity of multiple ion channels to induce intracellular Ca²⁺ release and extracellular Ca²⁺ influx (ROS-induced Ca²⁺ release and influx) to cause PH. ROS and Ca²⁺ signaling may synergistically trigger an inflammatory cascade to implicate in PH.

Accordingly, this paper explores the important roles of ROS, Ca²⁺, and inflammatory signaling in the development of PH, including their reciprocal interactions, key molecules, and possible therapeutic targets.